The invention provides an aerobic nitrogen and phosphorus removal enhanced sewage treatment system, which comprises an integrated structure consisting of an independent anaerobic zone, an independentanoxic zone and an independent aerobic zone; the anaerobic zone is provided with a sewage inlet, a sludge inlet and a first reaction mixture outlet, and an aeration unit is arranged in the anaerobic zone; the aeration unit comprises independent aeration equipment for oxygenation and independent aeration equipment for stirring, the aeration equipment for oxygenation is connected with a first air supply main pipe provided with an aeration valve; the aeration equipment for stirring is connected with a second air supply main pipe provided with a stirring valve; the anoxic zone is provided with a reflux nitration liquid inlet and a second reaction mixed liquid outlet, and the aeration unit is arranged in the anoxic zone; the aerobic zone is provided with a reflux pipe, and aeration equipment for oxygenation is arranged in the aerobic zone; and aerobic blowers are respectively connected with the first air supply main pipe and the second air supply main pipe. The system can combine anaerobicammonia oxidation with shortcut nitrification denitrification and denitrification dephosphorization to realize nitrogen and phosphorus removal under aerobic conditions and has high nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency.