The invention discloses a quick setting and early strength type grouting material based on nano-alumina and a preparation method of the quick setting and early strength type grouting material and belongs to the technical field of building materials. The grouting material comprises 89-96 parts of Portland cement, 2-4 parts of silica fume, 1-3 parts of nano-alumina, 0.5-3 parts of an alkali activator and 0.5-1 part of an FDN water reducing agent. The preparation method of the grouting material comprises the steps as follows: firstly, the Portland cement is mixed with water, silica fume, an aqueous solution of the water reducing agent, the nano-alumina and the alkali activator are added separately, the mixture is uniformly stirred to prepare a grouting material, and then, the grouting material is cured. According to the quick setting and early strength type grouting material based on nano-alumina, under the synergistic effect of the nano-alumina, the alkali activator and the water reducing agent, the early strength of the grouting material can be effectively improved, the setting time of the grouting material can be shortened, and the high stone binding rate of the grouting material can be guaranteed. When the early strength of the grouting material is compared with neat cement paste, the compressive strength of the grouting material is improved by 145% with 1 d, 132% within 3 d and 75% within 7 d.