The invention discloses an optimization method for the number and position arrangement of light field cameras of a flame temperature field measurement system. The method comprises the following stepsthat: an actual imaging camera is calibrated, and imaging camera parameters are obtained; the shape and size of a measurement area and the attenuation coefficient distribution of flame are set, and grid division is carried out according to resolution requirements; sampling light reverse tracing is carried out, so that the reconstruction matrix A of flame temperature field measurement is obtained;the Sen of a weight matrix and the standard deviation sigma of the Sen of the weight matrix are calculated, and are adopted as the target values of a sampling characteristic optimization algorithm; and the number and position arrangement angle of the cameras of the measurement system are optimized through a quantum particle swarm algorithm, so that optimal sampling arrangement can be obtained. According to the method of the invention, the acquisition capability of a multi-camera light field imaging system for flame radiation information is studied; the parameters of the imaging system are optimized; light field sampling quality can be improved; and a basis is provided for a multi-camera arrangement scheme.