The invention provides a two-dimensional temperature and concentration reconstruction system and method based on histogram information, belongs to the technical field of tunable diode laser absorptionspectra and is used for two-dimensional temperature and concentration reconstruction. The reconstruction system comprises a laser control and generation module, an optical fiber beam splitter, a sensor for light beam conversion, detection and reception, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a photoelectric detector for wave number conversion, a data acquisition system, a computer and the like. The reconstruction method comprises steps that after laser with scanned wavelength is split, one path is accessed to the Mach-Zehnder interferometer to receive by the photoelectric detector, and the other paths are expanded and then pass through a to-be-detected area to receive by a photoelectric detection plate to obtain absorption spectrums on all light rays; a reconstruction matrix is calculated according to a temperature and concentration reconstruction range and light path arrangement; a reconstruction model is solved by utilizing an iterative algorithm to obtain two-dimensional temperature andconcentration distribution. The method is advantaged in that the absorption spectrum information can be effectively utilized, the number of independent equations is increased, and the speed and accuracy of two-dimensional temperature and concentration distribution reconstruction are improved.