The invention discloses a test box for testing a prohibited goods detection algorithm. The test box comprises a box body, a prohibited goods liner, prohibited goods, a shielding body liner and a shielding body. A plurality of grooves for placing prohibited goods are formed in the prohibited goods liner; and the shielding body liner is arranged above the prohibited goods liner. A plurality of grooves for placing shielding bodies are formed in the shielding body liner and one shielding body made of one kind of material is arranged in each groove; and one or more stacked shielding bodies are arranged in each groove. According to the test box, the types and postures of various prohibited goods are fully considered, a large number of prohibited goods samples for testing are abstracted into typical prohibited goods, and shielding bodies made of several kinds of typical materials are used for simulating shielding in prohibited goods detection, so that the test amount is reduced and the test process is simplified. One or more test boxes are used for detecting the prohibited goods detection algorithm; and whether the prohibited goods detection algorithm has the corresponding prohibited goods detection function is determined rapidly.