The invention relates to an anti-quantum computing access control method and system based on a disposable asymmetric secret key pair and a movable identity recognition device. A secret key card used in the method is independent hardware isolation equipment. The public key, the private key and other related parameters are all stored in the data security area in the key card, so that the possibilityof stealing the key by malicious software or malicious operation is greatly reduced, and the key cannot be acquired and cracked by the quantum computer. Since the transmission of public and private keys and algorithm parameters is not involved in the classical network, the risk that the asymmetric key is cracked is very low.