The invention belongs to the field of plant extraction, and relates to a cotton stalk high-added-value utilization technology, particularly to a method for preparing furfural through steam explosion extraction of xylose from cotton stalks and carrying out complete-materialization utilization. The method comprises: 1) pre-treating; 2) pre-steaming; 3) carrying out steam explosion; 4) carrying out water washing on the material after the steam explosion, and carrying out pressing dewatering to obtain a water washing solution and a solid fiber material; 5) fractionating by a fractionating tower; 6) adding yeast into the reducing sugar mixture; 7) concentrating the fermentation broth by using a microfiltration membrane; and 8) preparing furfural, and carrying out other steps. According to the present invention, the pentosan in the raw material cotton stalks is degraded into xylose through steam explosion without acid adding, and the recovery is performed through water extraction, such thatthe acid pollution is avoided, and the economic benefit is obvious; the obtained xylose aqueous solution is used for producing furfural through a solvent method so as to reduce the generation of sidereactions and improve the yield of the product; and the method has characteristics of steam saving and low pollution, and the residual solid material is fully utilized.