The invention relates to a material compression device which comprises a self-centering chuck with at least two jaws, first plates arranged on the self-centering chuck and arranged at intervals with the jaws, second plates arranged on the first plates and fixed to the first plates, and pressure plates movably disposed between the second plates and the first plates. The second plates and the firstplates are detachably connected, the number and position of the pressure plates are matched with the number and position of the jaws and the pressure plates and the jaws are connected correspondingly,and an accommodating groove with variable volume is formed in the position of a concentric point where the pressure plates and the jaws move concentrically. The material compression device can compress the various directions of a pressed part at the same time, the efficiency is high, and the situation that the structure and the performance of a material are damaged due to expansion in other directions is not prone to occurring.