The invention discloses a system and method for enhancing gas extraction through drilling slag discharge and hydraulic oscillation fracturing based on nanofluids. A coal rock body and broken rock at the front portion of a drill bit are wetted by the hydrophilic nanofluid in the coal body drilling process, the flowability of the coal rock body is increased, and the slag discharge smoothness in thedrilling process is ensured. Then, the hydrophobic nanofluid is injected into a coal seam to be attached to the surface of the coal body, high-pressure water is prevented from leaking off, the depth of cracks is better increased, and therefore the coal body can be efficiently cracked under the same water injection pressure, the rapid desorption of gas of the coal seam is promoted on a large scale,and the good synergistic effect of the nanofluids and the hydraulic fracturing is realized. The effect of integrating efficient drilling operation, efficient coal seam permeability improvement and efficient gas extraction is realized, the coal seam gas is scientifically and efficiently extracted, and the aim of effectively preventing high gas and low-permeability coal seam gas disasters is realized.