The invention provides an ultrasonic industrial furnace temperature measurement system and method based on multiple sound source arrangement modes, and relates to the technical field of acoustic temperature measurement. The system comprises an ultrasonic transmitter, an ultrasonic receiver, an ultrasonic transmitting/receiving module, a soot blowing cooler, a high-temperature alarm protector, an STM32 microprocessor, an LCD display and a PC; eight pairs of ultrasonic transmitters/receivers are installed on one section of a furnace wall, by mounting the same number of ultrasonic transmitters/receivers on different sections in the same manner, the ultrasonic transmitters/receivers are opened and closed in sequence within a detection period according to a set program to obtain a group of ultrasonic propagation time values, and the temperature distribution on the section of a temperature field is reconstructed through a one-time reconstruction algorithm. By adopting the ultrasonic wave asa signal source, the background noise interference in the hearth of an industrial furnace is reduced, an ultrasonic temperature measurement signal flying time is accurately measured by using the advantages of faster response time of the ultrasonic wave, so that an accurate temperature field in the industrial furnace is obtained.