The invention discloses a rapid filtering vessel comprising an upper split body and a lower split body which are connected in a hinged mode. An inlet is formed in the upper split body; a discharge port group is arranged on the back side surface of the lower split body; an upper-layer support mesh plate, a middle-layer filter screen and a lower-layer support screen are sequentially arranged in thelower split body from top to bottom; an annular frame is arranged on the inner wall, right opposite to the edge of the upper-layer supporting mesh plate, of the lower split body, the edge of the upper-layer supporting mesh plate is movably embedded into the annular frame, and a miniature telescopic rod connected with the edge of the upper-layer supporting mesh plate is arranged in the annular frame; the middle-layer filter screen clings to the surface of the lower-layer support screen; a fixing ring is arranged at the edge of the lower-layer supporting screen; a silk screen is arranged on thesurface of the middle-layer filter screen, and the edge of the silk screen is embedded into an annular groove in the surface of the top of the fixing ring, so that the liquid filtering efficiency is enhanced, and the problems that the filtering speed in the filtering later period becomes slower and slower and filter paper is easy to permeate through the surface of the filter paper in the filteringprocess under the action of negative pressure or other forms are solved.