The invention discloses a retractable tree-shaped photovoltaic module. The retractable tree-shaped photovoltaic module comprises supporting rods; photovoltaic panel units are arranged at two sides ofeach supporting rod; each photovoltaic panel unit comprises a photovoltaic panel and a support which are fixedly connected with each other; the supports are rotationally connected with the corresponding supporting rod; locking pieces are arranged between the supports and the supporting rod and are used for locking the light receiving states and folding states of the photovoltaic panels; the photovoltaic panels in the folded states are arranged in a vertical direction and located on the light receiving side of the supporting rod; and the light receiving surfaces of the photovoltaic panels at the two sides of the supporting rod are adjacent or attached to each other. According to the retractable tree-shaped photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic panels in unfolded states receive sufficient light, the two photovoltaic panels in the folded states are arranged in the vertical direction; compared with the probability of the collision of the photovoltaic panels in the unfolded states with hailstones, the probability of the collision of the photovoltaic panels in the folded states with hailstones is reduced. The retractable tree-shaped photovoltaic module is used in a sandstorm environment;the light receiving surfaces of the photovoltaic panels are adjacent or attached to each other, so that sandy soil is hardly attached to the light receiving surfaces of the photovoltaic panels, and therefore, equipment maintenance workload is small. The invention further discloses a use method of the retractable tree-shaped photovoltaic module.