The invention discloses a low-voltage transformer area user topology error correction method and system based on power consumption data. At present, a reliable and automatic transformer area user topology error correction method urgently needs to be developed in power supply system maintenance. The method comprises the following steps: establishing a transformer district total electric quantity and sub-meter user parameterized transformer district electric quantity equation according to power utilization data, and constructing a transformer district line loss quantity model and a transformer district electric quantity parameterized model through a three-order Chebyshev polynomial; and adaptively identifying a parameter value of the parameterized model by adopting a variable step size gradient descent method, comparing the parameter value with a set threshold value, and if the parameter value is smaller than the threshold value, judging the user as a suspicious user. According to the invention, only electricity consumption data of a user is needed, and a lot of data resources are not occupied; and a big data analysis technology is adopted, so that the accuracy of transformer area user identification is improved, and relatively high manual inspection cost caused by a traditional cable carrier communication mode is avoided.