The invention provides a 10kV bus voltage and public distribution transformer outlet voltage allocation method and system. The method comprises steps of S1, respectively setting voltage sampling points at a plurality of typical public distribution transformer outlets of a 10kV public line of a transformer substation; S2, acquiring the voltages of the 10kV bus voltage sampling points of the transformer substation through a dispatching automation system, acquiring the voltage of each typical public distribution transformer voltage sampling point through a power utilization information acquisition system, and generating a transmission transformation voltage model according to the corresponding distribution transformer gear and a distance between the 10kV bus of the transformer substation andthe voltage sampling point; S3, according to the standard range of the outlet voltage of the public distribution transformer and a transmission transformation voltage model, adjusting an actual voltage value of the 10kV bus of the corresponding transformer substation through the dispatching automation system; and S4, correcting the transmission conversion voltage model till the outlet voltage of the public distribution transformer meets the standard voltage value.