The invention provides a single-axis photovoltaic tracking system and a single-axis photovoltaic tracking method. The photovoltaic tracking system comprises fixed mounting components and a photovoltaic tracking system main body arranged between the fixed mounting components; the photovoltaic tracking system main body comprises a rotating shaft (2), a photovoltaic panel (3), a control device (4) and a monitoring device (5), wherein the control device (4) acquires position information of the photovoltaic panel (3), and drives the rotating shaft (2) to drive the photovoltaic panel (3) to rotate by combining real-time angle information, provided by the monitoring device (5), of the photovoltaic panel (3). The single-axis photovoltaic tracking control system provided by the invention calculatesthe optimal rotation angle of the photovoltaic panel according to the geographical longitude and latitude and the current time of the photovoltaic panel, and the photovoltaic panel is perpendicular to the sun in the rotation direction under the rotation angle, thereby realizing the maximization of the illumination intensity.