The invention discloses an indoor device and method for simulating construction disturbance soil of a movable small-sized shield machine, belongs to the technical field of tunnel shield construction simulation, and aims to solve the problem that workers cannot know the disturbance condition of soil in time in the current shield construction process. The device comprises a shield machine model, a shield machine power system, a test soil box and an upper loading system, wherein a horizontal servo jack and a frequency conversion motor provide power for the shield machine model, and a vertical servo jack and an air pressure loading device provide soil layer stress environment; and a wet method is adopted to fill the test soil layer by layer in the test soil box, a sensor is further buried, then stress, displacement and excess pore pressure in the shield process are obtained, and a contour map along with shield tunneling is drawn, so that a disturbance range change of the soil, a shear expansion force influence range and a shear expansion force distribution rule are obtained. According to the device and the method, the disturbance of the shield construction to stratum can be researchedaccording to one or more factors of different overburden thicknesses, different water levels, different propelling forces, different cutter head rotating speeds, different cutter head types and the like.