The invention provides a method and a system for parallel calculation of power grid short-circuit current based on GPU acceleration. The method and a system are used for parallel calculation of short-circuit current of batches of three-phase symmetrical nodes of a large-scale power system. The method comprises the steps that firstly, the short-circuit current of the nodes are calculated at the same time when the nodes are short-circuited according to the data network information of a large power grid; then batch calculation is carried out on the voltage of each node after each node is short-circuited; and finally, parallel solving is carried out on the current of each branch in batches at the same time after each node is short-circuited. The shortcoming of long calculation time of the short-circuit current of each node is effectively overcome in the case of short-circuit of three-phase symmetrical nodes. Real-time effective data are provided for large power grid design and tuning.