The invention relates to a calibration device and a calibration method for a mining exploration rig. The calibration device includes a main body mechanism, a first box and a second box. An inner cavity of the first box is provided with a first calibration mechanism and a second calibration mechanism; the first calibration mechanism includes a first handle, a first adjustment rod, a first clampingblock, a second handle, a second adjustment rod and a second clamping block; a drill rod is adjusted forwards and backwards through the second calibration mechanism; during front and back adjustment,through the cooperation of a third adjustment rod and a fourth adjustment rod, a first sleeve is controlled to move forwards and backwards, and the front, rear, left, and right positions of the firstsleeve are adjusted; the problems that in an existing mining exploration rig using process, as a calibration device is in lack, drilling at the accurate drilling position cannot be achieved, deviations are often caused, and the progress of a project is seriously affected are solved; and the purpose that an existing mining exploration rig is high in drilling accuracy and convenient to use in the using process is achieved.