The invention is suitable for the technical field of high voltage and insulation, and particularly relates to a material overheating aging and gas pyrolysis detection test device. The device comprisesa test cavity, wherein a tray is arranged in the test cavity through a stainless steel support, the tray is used for placing an insulation material test product, aviation plugs are arranged on the two symmetrical side walls of the test cavity, one aviation plug is arranged on the inner side of the test cavity, a temperature sensor and a heating pipe are arranged at the inner side of the test cavity, and a temperature controller is arranged at an outer side; and a decomposed gas component detection system is arranged on the other aviation plug through a gas path pipeline. The device disclosedby the invention provides guidance and evaluation methods for mastering the mutual influence mechanism between the decomposition of the gas solid materials and the performance change of the solid after local overheating fault by the engineers and scientific researchers.