The invention relates to an edge computing system for fault detection and positioning of a power distribution network. Included is a central processing unit; a voltage/current sampling module is interactively connected with the central processing unit; a Beidou/GPS positioning navigation module is interactively connected with the central processing unit; a large-capacity data buffer and the central processing unit are interactively connected with a power management module; a first long-distance wireless communicator is interactively connected with the central processing unit, a safety encryption and decryption module is interactively connected with the central processing unit, and a second long-distance wireless communicator is interactively connected with the central processing unit. According to the invention, the two problems of difficulty in effectively triggering alarms due to weak fault characteristics of the power distribution network and difficulty in maintenance and poor operation effect caused by excessive access equipment of a power distribution automation master station or a power distribution Internet of Things cloud platform are solved.