The invention discloses a battery box temperature management system and method based on a Peltier effect. The battery box temperature management system comprises a battery box body, a temperature acquisition module, an automatic control module and a refrigeration chamber. A cooling guide channel and a plurality of battery modules arranged at intervals are arranged in the battery box body. The cooling guide channel is arranged at an inner lower portion of the battery box body. An air inlet of the cooling guide channel is connected with the refrigeration chamber, an air outlet of the cooling guide channel faces towards the battery module, and a semiconductor refrigeration module and a box body air inlet are arranged in the refrigeration chamber. And meanwhile, the invention discloses a method for carrying out the battery box temperature management system based on the Peltier effect. Cooling efficiency is high, a device takes air as a medium, dead weight is small and a liquid cooling medium is not needed.