The invention discloses a finite element-based shoe rail system dynamics modeling and simulation method, which comprises the following steps: 1, establishing a collector shoe dynamics equation, and converting a nonlinear model of a collector shoe into a single mass block linear model through small angle approximation algorithm processing; 2, establishing a steel-aluminum composite contact rail kinetic model based on a finite element method, and obtaining a mass block equivalent model of the contact rail supporting structure according to the steel-aluminum composite contact rail kinetic model;3, according to the penalty function contact model, considering the boundary condition of the motion load, and establishing a boot track coupling dynamic model. According to the method, independent kinetic models and mutual contact models of two systems of the collector shoe and the contact rail are established, the influence of parameters of the collector shoe and the contact rail on the kineticcharacteristics of the shoe rail is considered, and the mutual coupling effect of the collector shoe and the contact rail can be reflected.