The invention discloses a temperature shock detection method and a temperature shock detection device for a high-temperature superconducting tape. The temperature shock detection device comprises a sample fixing mechanism, a critical current detection mechanism, a liquid storage mechanism and a driving mechanism, wherein the sample fixing mechanism comprises an operation table, a liquid box and sample fixing frames; the liquid box is arranged on the operation table; at least one sample fixing frame is arranged on the side wall in the liquid box; the critical current detection mechanism comprises current lines and voltage lines; two ends of the sample fixing frames are connected with the current lines respectively; the liquid storage mechanism is communicated with the liquid box; and the driving mechanism drives the liquid storage mechanism to move up and down. According to the temperature shock detection method, a critical current of the superconducting tape is detected through conducting a temperature shock test of the superconducting tape, and a current retention coefficient is calculated. The temperature shock detection method and the temperature shock detection device realize the effect of carrying out temperature shock processing on the high-temperature superconducting tape and directly performing critical current detection, have the advantages of simple operation, simpleequipment, low cost, high repeatability and high applicability, reduce the potential safety hazards of operators, verify the application reliability of the superconducting tape and verify the sealingperformance of the coating.