Disclosed is a quick detaching and installing device for caterpillar tracks of a heavy duty vehicle. Firstly, a user sleeves a sleeve corresponding to a fixing screw of an end connector on an output shaft of a multiplying wrench and detaches the screw; then the user screws a pulling claw bracket with inner threads on a hydraulic cylinder; one end of each of two pulling claws is respectively connected with the pulling claw bracket; the other ends of the pulling claws are connected with each other respectively through a pulling block in a proper size in a threaded mode and installed on the end connector of a caterpillar track. When in use, the user ejects a thin ejecting rod into a screw hole of the end connector to install the thin ejecting rod fixed on an ejecting piston rod, and then shakes the back end of the hydraulic cylinder to add hydraulic oil into an ejecting cylinder to push the ejecting piston rod to move forwards so as to eject a clamping and compressing block on the end connector. The user further again screws the pulling claw bracket with inner threads on the hydraulic cylinder; one end of each of the two pulling claws is respectively connected with the pulling claw bracket; and the other ends of the pulling claws are connected with each other respectively through a connecting pulling board in proper size in a threaded mode.