The utility model discloses a rapid construction groove wall machine which comprises a drive sprocket, a left driven sprocket, a right driven sprocket, a plurality of material digging buckets having U-shaped cross sections and provided with bucket teeth at one ends thereof, a lower support sleeve, and an excavation wheel shaft, wherein the lower support sleeve is sleeved on the excavation wheel shaft driven to rotate, the left driven sprocket and the right driven sprocket are sleeved at a left side and a right side of the lower support sleeve respectively, two ends at an outer side of a rotary drum-shaped wheel flange of the drive sprocket extend along the circumference to be provided with chain teeth, and one transmission plate link chain is engaged between chain teeth at one side, corresponding to the drive sprocket, of the left driven sprocket, and another transmission plate link chain is engaged between chain teeth at one side, corresponding to the drive sprocket, of the right driven sprocket; the excavation wheel shaft clinging to the left and right ends of the lower support sleeve is fixedly sleeved with excavation wheels and cutting wheels from inside to outside, wherein the wheel flanges of the excavation wheels are provided with tapper digging knives with knife points bending to a moving direction, and cutting teeth are disposed on the cutting wheel flange extending along the circumference; and the other ends of the material digging buckets are fixedly connected between two transmission plate link chains, with openings of the material digging bucket open to the moving direction.