The utility model discloses a fiber-Raman cable-temperature monitoring and alarm system with an attenuation self-compensating function, and the system comprises a fiber pulse laser, a fiber wavelength division multiplexer, a first photoelectric receiving module, a second photoelectric receiving module, a data collection module, a computer, a calibration optical cable, a sensing optical cable, a reflector, and a point-mode temperature sensor. Computer software comprises a temperature real-time monitoring part, a history data storage part, and a temperature rise fault alarm part. A fiber-Raman distributed temperature sensor with the attenuation self-compensating function can eliminate the node loss caused by bending and strain of a cable, especially eliminates the impact of optical fiber attenuation change caused by long-time working and working environment difference, achieves the attenuation self-compensating function, and improves the stability and reliability in measuring the temperature of the system. The computer software for cable temperature monitoring and alarm can obtain the working state of the cable through the comparison of the current data with the history data, thereby achieving the early-warning and alarm functions.