The utility model provides a bridge-circuit-based short-circuit fault current-limiting system comprising a bridge type short-circuit fault current-limiting circuit. The bridge type short-circuit fault current-limiting circuit is characterized in that a first thyristor bridge arm, a second thyristor bridge arm, and a third thyristors bridge arm are connected in parallel; a neutral point of the first thyristor bridge arm is connected with an output terminal a of a first cascade dynamic voltage compensating circuit; a neutral point of the second thyristor bridge arm is connected with an output terminal b of a second cascade dynamic voltage compensating circuit; and a neutral point of the third thyristor bridge arm is connected with an output terminal c of a third cascade dynamic voltage compensating circuit. A neutral point of a current-limiting inductance bridge arm is connected with an output terminal a' of the first cascade dynamic voltage compensating circuit, an output terminal b' of the second cascade dynamic voltage compensating circuit, and an output terminal c' of the third cascade dynamic voltage compensating circuit. According to the technical scheme, with the bridge-circuit-based short-circuit fault current-limiting system, the voltage harmonic wave can be suppressed; the voltage-quality-stability load voltage of the power grid system can be improved; and the fault current is limited.