The utility model relates to a multi-mode semiconductor photoelectric device with fiber coupling. The multi-mode semiconductor photoelectric device comprises a pipe shell, a thermoelectric refrigerator arranged at the bottom of the pipe shell, heat sink transition blocks arranged on the thermoelectric refrigerator, and a semiconductor laser, a coupling lens assembly, a thermistor, and a backlight detector arranged on the heat sink transition blocks, one side of the pipe shell is provided with a through hole, an optical fiber assembly is arranged in the center of the through hole in a penetrating manner, the optical fiber assembly is connected with the pipe shell in a sealing manner, the optical fiber assembly comprises a metal tube and an optical fiber, an end part of the optical fiber is fixed to one fiber transition block and arranged opposite to the coupling lens assembly, and the semiconductor laser, the backlight detector, the thermoelectric refrigerator, and the thermistor are electrically connected with external pins of the pipe shell. According to the multi-mode semiconductor photoelectric device with fiber coupling, the power consumption and the cost of an amplifier can be reduced, and risks of crosstalk or interference effect between the heat of semiconductor chips and other radiations can be avoided.