The utility model discloses a test device for simulating an underground engineering anti-seepage plugging material, and belongs to the field of underground engineering waterproof plugging. The deviceis composed of four hollow square barrels, the square barrels are formed by concrete in a cast-in-place mode, cracks with different widths are reserved on the periphery of the bottom of each square barrel and used for injecting anti-leakage materials in the experiment process, and three of the square barrels are designed to be open. Before cast-in-place, a layer of gravel muck is laid at the bottom of the square barrel to simulate the real state of the surrounding stratum when the lining structure leaks, and a water injection pipe is reserved before the top of the square barrel is sealed to provide water pressure. The specific using method comprises the following steps that a layer of gravel soil is laid at the bottom of the open type square barrel firstly, then water is injected, and whenwater leaks from cracks in the bottom of the square barrel, anti-leakage materials are injected into the cracks to observe the water plugging effect; and the sealed square barrel is used for pluggingthe crack by using an anti-leakage material, then water is injected through the water injection hole, and the pressure is gradually increased to observe the water plugging and pressure resisting capacity of the anti-leakage material.