The utility model relates to the technical field of gas detection devices, in particular to a high-time-resolution particulate matter real-time monitoring device based on a beta-ray method, which comprises a particulate matter sampling mechanism, a filter paper belt conveying mechanism and a particulate matter collecting and detecting mechanism, wherein the particulate matter sampling mechanism and the particulate matter collecting and detecting mechanism are arranged in the same cavity; wherein the particulate matter sampling mechanism comprises a sampling head and a sampling pump, the filterpaper tape conveying mechanism comprises a driving wheel, a driven wheel, a filter paper tape and a paper pressing lever, and the particulate matter collecting and detecting mechanism comprises a beta-ray scintillation detector, a C14 radioactive source, a movable pressing block, a fixed pressing block and a sealing rubber ring. According to the device and the method, real continuous real-time measurement can be realized, and the device and the method have relatively high stability and accuracy. Real continuous real-time measurement is achieved, and high stability and accuracy are achieved.