The present invention provides an adaptive compensation control method and module, and an optical switching system, which can quickly determine, before switching of an optical packet, a compensation value of the optical packet, so that after the optical packet is compensated according to the compensation value, an objective of optical signal equalization at a receive port of an optical switch is achieved. The method includes: acquiring optical label information of an optical signal, where the optical label information carries information about a destination receive port of the optical signal; determining, according to the information about the destination receive port of the optical signal, a switching path, in an optical switch switching matrix, of the optical signal; and determining an optical switch compensation value of the optical signal according to a preset compensation value of each optical switch cell on the switching path, where the optical switch compensation value is used to compensate the optical signal. The method is applicable to the field of optical communications technologies.