An ultrasonic machining method to improve the wear resistance of locomotive wheels includes ultrasonic machining by ultrasonic machining tool head on the wheel rim and/or surface of the tread that is rotated along the main axis. The ultrasonic machining method mentioned in the invention can not only process the locomotive wheel just after leaving factory, but also repair the worn locomotive wheel. After machining the rim and/or tread of the locomotive wheel with ultrasonic machining, the surface tensile stress of the rim and/or the tread surface will become compressive stress, the surface roughness will be greatly reduced, and the ideal compressive stress will be preset on the surface. Which will improves the hardness of the surface, refines the grain, significantly increases the wear resistance, improves the wheel-rail contact relationship, reduces the rolling contact fatigue damage of the wheelset, reduces the wear rate of the wheel, and prolongs the wheel repair cycle and service life.