Disclosed are a short-distance optical amplification module, an amplification method and an amplification system. The module comprises a first phase delay plate (2), an imaging lens (4), a second phase delay plate (5) and a reflective type polarizing plate (6), wherein the first phase delay plate (2) is arranged in a transmission path of an optical image having a first linear polarization direction, the imaging lens (4) is arranged in a transmission path of an optical image having an elliptical or circular polarization direction, and the second phase delay plate (5) is arranged on one side of a second optical surface of the imaging lens. A second linear polarization direction is orthogonal to the first linear polarization direction. By means of the first phase delay plate (2), the imaging lens (4), the second phase delay plate (5) and the reflective type polarizing plate (6), an optical image is reflected by the reflective type polarizing plate (6) on a transmission path, and then is amplified on the imaging lens (4). Thus, not only the optical image can meet the requirement of optical magnification, but also the second phase delay plate (5) and the reflective type polarizing plate (6) can be arranged to adhere to each other, thereby further reducing the size and volume of an optical module.