Disclosed is a data encoding method. The method includes: receiving a to-be-encoded data block; encoding the data block at an aggregation level of 2L, where a formula used during the encoding is as follows: u ˙ 2 ⁢ L u ˙ L G LN 0 G LN G LN = C ˙ 2 ⁢ L C ˙ L u · L = u L u L − 1 … u 1 , u · 2 ⁢ L = u 2 ⁢ L u 2 ⁢ L − 1 … u L + 1 , c · L = c L c L − 1 ⋯ c 1 , c · 2 ⁢ L = c 2 ⁢ L c 2 ⁢ L − 1 ⋯ c L + 1 , G LN = G N ⊗ log 2 L
L=2 n , and n is a natural number greater than or equal to 0; and outputting an encoded data block.