The present disclosure discloses a volume measurement method, a device, a system and a computer-readable storage medium, and relates to the field of radiation. The volume measurement method includes: determining thicknesses of a measured object in each of directions of multiple X-rays emitted from an accelerator target according to measurement results of the X-rays; determining a cross section area of the measured object according to the thicknesses corresponding to each of the X-rays in the cross section of the measured object; and determining a volume of the measured object according to the cross section area. By applying X-ray scanning to volume measurement, information about the type of substance and size information at multiple positions and angles of the measured object can be obtained from the X-ray measurement results, so that the volume of the measured object can be measured more accurately.