The present invention relates to the field of maps. Disclosed are an error model calibration method and apparatus, an electronic device, an error model-based positioning method and apparatus, a terminal, a computer-readable storage medium, and a program product. The error model calibration method comprises: receiving observation data acquired by a calibration device, and acquiring satellite data according to the observation data (S101); on the basis of the observation data, geometric parameters of the calibration device, and the satellite data, respectively calibrating a pseudo-range error array and a Doppler error array for at least two terminals of the calibration device (S102), wherein the pseudo-range error array describes a discrete distribution of pseudo-range measurement errors of the at least two terminals under a carrier-to-noise ratio and an elevation angle of a satellite, and the Doppler error array describes a discrete distribution of Doppler measurement errors of the at least two terminals under the carrier-to-noise ratio and elevation angle of the satellite; and obtaining pseudo-range error models respectively corresponding to the at least two terminals by means of fitting using the pseudo-range error array, and obtaining Doppler error models respectively corresponding to the at least two terminals by means of fitting using the Doppler error array (S103).