Proposed is a capacitive desalination filtration system and a circulating water filtration method using same, wherein the system includes a circulating water tank unit connected to a transport pipe and configured to store circulating water, a capacitive desalination unit connected to the circulating water tank unit and supplied with the circulating water from the circulating water tank unit and configured to generate production water during charging and concentrated water during discharging, a production water tank unit connected to the capacitive desalination unit and configured to store the production water generated while passing through the capacitive desalination unit during charging, and a discharging water tank unit connected to the capacitive desalination unit and configured to store the concentrated water generated while passing through the capacitive desalination unit during discharging and to supply a portion of stored concentrated water to the capacitive desalination unit when the capacitive desalination unit is discharged.