Disclosed is a method of charging a battery, including determining at a first time interval a current to be applied until a second time interval such that the current charges the battery so that an anode Li-ion surface concentration at the second time interval is kept smaller than or equal to a maximum Li-ion surface concentration of the anode, applying the current to the battery, and determining at the second time interval another current to be applied until a third time interval such that the another current charges the battery so that an anode Li-ion surface concentration at the third time interval is kept smaller than or equal to the maximum Li-ion surface concentration of the anode.