Provided are a method and apparatus for inter-layer encoding and a method and apparatus for inter-layer decoding video using residual prediction. The inter-layer video decoding method includes: obtaining a decoded first layer image from a first layer bitstream; determining, based on residual prediction information obtained from a second layer bitstream, whether to perform residual prediction performed on a second layer block by referring to a first layer block corresponding to the second layer block within the first layer image; in response to determining not to perform the residual prediction, obtaining luminance compensation information from the second layer bitstream and determining whether to perform luminance compensation based on the luminance compensation information; and in response to determining to perform the luminance compensation, performing the luminance compensation on the second layer block.