The present invention relates to a composition for dyeing keratin fibers, comprising: a) one or more liquid fatty substances; b) one or more amphoteric surfactants of formula (I) below: Ra—C(O)—NH—CH2—(CH2)n—N(B)(B′); in which: B represents the group —CH2—CH2—O—X′; B′ represents the group —(CH2)zY′, with z=1 or 2; X′ represents the group —CH2—C(O)OH, —CH2—C(O)OZ′, —CH2—CH2—C(O)OH or —CH2—CH2—C(O)OZ′, or a hydrogen atom; Y′ represents the group —C(O)OH, —C(O)OZ″, —CH2—CH(OH)—SO3H or the group —CH2—CH(OH)—SO3—Z″; Z′ and Z″ represent, independently of each other, a cationic counterion derived from an alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal, such as sodium, an ammonium ion or an ion derived from an organic amine; Ra′ represents a C10-C30 alkyl or alkenyl group derived from an acid Ra′—C(O)OH, which is preferably present in copra oil or in hydrolyzed linseed oil, an alkyl group, especially a C17 group and its iso form, or an unsaturated C17 group and n represents an integer ranging from 1 to 10 and preferably from 1 to 5, or quaternized forms thereof; c) one or more nonionic surfactants chosen from oxyethylenated amide, oxyethylenated (OE) fatty alcohol comprising less than 10 OE units and mixture thereof; d) one or more oxidation dye precursors and e) one or more chemical oxidizing agents. The present invention also relates to a process using this composition and to a multi-compartment device that is suitable for performing the said process.