The present disclosure provides a method and system for identifying a train number and train type. The method includes: continuously photographing a train under inspection by using a linear-array camera in motion relative to the train under inspection, and generating a plurality of partial images of the train; splicing the plurality of partial images of the train; correcting distortion of the spliced image; identifying a train number from the corrected image; wherein the correcting distortion of the spliced image includes: extracting a contour of a wheel from the spliced image; obtaining a ratio between a horizontal diameter and a vertical diameter of the wheel from the contour; if the ratio is greater than a first preset threshold, horizontally compressing the spliced image according to the ratio; and if the ratio is smaller than a second preset threshold, horizontally stretching the spliced image.