A hearing loss compensation apparatus and method compensate for distortion caused by a change in a sound transmission path using hearing characteristics of a user. The hearing loss compensation apparatus may include a sound direction detection device configured to detect a sound generation direction, in which a sound generates, using one or more microphones, and a sound compensation device configured to compensate the sound using hearing characteristics of a user corresponding to the sound generation direction. Additionally, a hearing characteristics measurement apparatus and method provide a way to obtain such hearing characteristics information.