A first peer device receives distinct first and second metadata. The first metadata includes a common identifier having a one-to-one relationship with a common data piece of a data entity. The common data piece is common to the first peer device, a second peer device, and a third peer device. The second metadata includes one or more non-common identifiers. Each of the one or more non-common identifiers has a one-to-one relationship with a non-common data piece of the data entity that is common to a group of peer devices including the first peer device and excluding the third peer device. The first peer device also receives a third identifier from the second peer device. The first peer device determines whether the second peer device is in the group of peer devices based on whether the third identifier is included in the one or more non-common identifiers.