This application relates to time-encoding modulators (TEMs). A TEM (100) receives an input signal (SIN) and outputs a time encoded signal (SPWM). A comparator (101) is located within a forward signal path of a feedback loop of the TEM. Also in the feedback loop are a filter (104) and a delay element (106) for applying a controlled delay. In some embodiments a latching element (101, 302; 106, 402) is located within the forward signal path to synchronize any signal transitions output from the latching element to a received first clock signal. Any signal transitions in the output (SOUT) from the modulator are thus synchronized to the first clock signal. In some embodiments the delay element (106) is a digital delay element which is synchronized to the first clock signal.