Embodiments of laser material processing systems with fire suppression are disclosed herein. A laser material processing system configured in accordance with one embodiment includes a laser material processing region, at least one sensor disposed in the laser material processing region, and at least one suppressant delivery port positioned in or adjacent to the laser material processing region. The sensor is configured to detect the presence of self-sustained combustion in the laser material processing region, and a suppressant delivery port is configured to deliver suppressant to suppress the self-sustained combustion when at least one of the sensors detects self-sustained combustion.