Methods for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome with a neuromodulation device that modulates sympathetic neural activity are described herein. The neuromodulation device is an apparatus for the treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome. In one aspect, the apparatus decreases the neural activity of a postganglionic ovary-innervating sympathetic nerve. Modulation in neural activity may be achieved using an apparatus comprising one or more stimulators each configured to apply a signal to a postganglionic ovary-innervating sympathetic nerve of the patient, a controller coupled to the one or more stimulators, the controller controlling the signal to be applied by each of the one or more stimulators, such that the signal decreases the neural activity of the nerve to produce a physiological and/or biochemical response in the patient, wherein the physiological and/or biochemical response comprises an improvement in one or more symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome.