The present invention describes a method to inhibit replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by negatively modulating or altering the cytoskeleton, more precisely the proteins forming the intermediate cytoskeletal filaments, wherein the the proteins are vimentin and/or keratin-10. The replication of the virus is inhibited in human cells by intervening in the structure of these proteins. The present invention is also related to the use of agents, including peptides and/or interfering RNA and/or lipidic compounds, the agents producing a negative modulation or alteration of the cytoskeleton to prevent or to treat the HIV infection.