A toner includes a europium complex represented by the following Chemical formula where A represents 2-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group having a substitution group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, and a halogen, R represents a fluoroalkyl group having one to three carbon atoms or a methyl group, and R1, R2, R3, and R4 each, independently represent hydrogen atoms, alkyl groups, or aryl groups, wherein the toner has a hydroxyl value of from 20 to 40 mgKOH/g.