A user device comprising: i) transmit path circuitry and receive path circuitry configured to communicate with a payment server; and ii) processing circuitry configured to control the transmit path circuitry and receive path circuitry. The processing circuitry is further configured to: a) receive a user input related to a payment process; b) calculate a risk score indicative of a likelihood of fraudulent activity associated with the payment process, wherein the risk score calculation is based on confidential information associated with the user that is stored on the user device; and c) transmit to the payment server a payment action and the risk score associated with the payment action without disclosing the confidential information. The confidential information comprises personally identifiable information and/or private information of the user. The processing circuitry calculates the risk score using a risk base model received from a model server.