An exoskeleton device for supporting anti-radiation protective clothing includes a shoulder mechanism, a waist mechanism and a leg mechanism. The shoulder mechanism includes a pair of back support rods, a fixed transverse rod and a guide member arranged between the back support rods, and a pair of flexible straps fixed to the back support rods. The waist mechanism includes waist support rods, a flexible waist strap installed on the waist support rods, and two straight cylindrical tension springs. The leg mechanism includes straight thigh support rods and automatic switching devices, with the straight thigh support rods being arranged at upper ends of the automatic switching devices, and the automatic switching devices being arranged between the straight thigh support rods and straight calf support rods.